Bromelain
Also sold as: Bromelain · Stem bromelain · Pineapple protease
A mixture of pineapple-derived proteases marketed for swelling, joint discomfort and digestion. Oral supplement evidence is strongest, but still limited, around dental surgery; topical burn treatment is a separate medical application.
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Research
- Energy: No established benefit for everyday energy; a bromelain-alone exercise RCT found no improvement in soreness, range of motion or strength.
REALITY CHECK // Bromelain is often sold as a digestive enzyme, yet this dossier contains no direct human RCT confirming digestive symptom relief. Dental-surgery findings are modest and variable; favorable multi-enzyme OA or topical burn-treatment results cannot be relabelled as benefits of oral bromelain alone.
Levels: how we grade evidence. Grey = evidence of no benefit; amber = evidence it makes this goal worse.
Ratings are self-reported by a self-selected group of users: how it felt, not proof that it works.
Check your bottle
Compare what your label says with what was used in trials. This is a trial range, not a personal prescription.
Enter the amount from your label to see the result.
How it was studied
01 // STUDIED_DOSE_RANGE
200–2000 mg/day in oral studies
Often 500–1000 mg/day, with heterogeneous potency and schedules; these are study exposures, not a prescription.
02 // TIMING_&_MATRIX
Activity units matter
Systemic-use positioning favors between-meal use, but this is not evidence of a superior timing protocol. Meal-time digestive benefit remains unproved.
03 // EVALUATION_WINDOW
Outcome-specific follow-up
Dental outcomes are acute; some positive OA combination studies ran 16 weeks. There is no single evidence-based evaluation schedule.
04 // SAFETY_&_QUALITY_GATE
Allergy and medicines first
Pineapple/latex allergy and perioperative or antithrombotic use require review. A GDU/MCU declaration is more informative than milligrams alone.
UPPER LIMIT // No EFSA/NIH tolerable upper intake level is established in this dossier. Trial doses are not a safety ceiling. Gastrointestinal symptoms and pineapple/latex-related allergy are relevant limits.
Summary
Dental-surgery RCTs and reviews suggest modest, heterogeneous reductions in swelling and pain. Oral bromelain alone was ineffective in a placebo-controlled moderate-to-severe knee OA trial, whereas several positive OA trials tested enzyme combinations. Direct human digestive-symptom RCTs are absent from this dossier.
Mechanism
Proteolytic activity and proposed anti-inflammatory/fibrinolytic effects provide mechanistic hypotheses. A small intact fraction is detectable in blood, but enzyme activity units, formulation and clinical context matter more than a simple mass claim.
Typical studied dose
The dossier reports oral trial exposures of 200–2000 mg/day, often 500–1000 mg/day; dental protocols commonly used 500–1000 mg. Activity varies by product: a typical cited potency is about 1200 GDU/g and 1 GDU is approximately 1.5 MCU. Milligrams do not define activity; no universal mg-to-GDU conversion applies.
Upper limit
No EFSA/NIH tolerable upper intake level is established in this dossier. Trial doses are not a safety ceiling. Gastrointestinal symptoms and pineapple/latex-related allergy are relevant limits.
Popular stacks with Bromelain
Not enough stack data yet. A combination with Bromelain appears here once 5 people rate the same set.
Forms and label traps
| Form on label | Active content | Studied range / day | Absorption & GI tolerance | Verdict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stem bromelain Best for: Comparing oral stem-bromelain products with declared enzyme potency. |
Extract weight · ~100% marker | 200–2000 mg | A small intact active fraction is detectable in plasma; absolute bioavailability is low. Usually tolerated; higher exposures can cause nausea, diarrhea and bloating. |
Studied standard [SOURCE // FORM_SPECIFIC] The 200–2000 mg interval summarizes heterogeneous oral studies, not equal enzyme activity. About 1200 GDU/g is one cited potency, not a universal conversion. |
| Fruit bromelain Best for: Recognizing a distinct pineapple source. |
Unstandardized: active content unknown | no comparable trial range | Sparse human data; protease profile differs from stem material. Likely similar GI concerns; specific comparative data are sparse. |
Caution [SOURCE // CHECK_LABEL] A separate studied dose range and equivalence to stem bromelain are not established. |
| Enteric-coated bromelain capsule Best for: Checking a coating claim rather than assuming higher potency. |
Unstandardized: active content unknown | no comparable trial range | No strong head-to-head evidence establishes superior clinical efficacy from the coating. A coating may reduce gastric discomfort; this is not a guaranteed benefit. |
Caution [SOURCE // CHECK_LABEL] The dossier supplies no formulation-specific trial interval or standardized activity for coated capsules. |
Common label traps
- TRAP_01 // A PROTEASE GUARANTEES BETTER DIGESTION
Biochemical protein breakdown is a mechanism. No direct human digestive-symptom RCT is indexed in this dossier. - TRAP_02 // BROMELAIN REPLACES NSAIDS FOR ARTHRITIS
The n=47 monotherapy knee OA trial was null; positive studies often tested trypsin/rutoside/bromelain combinations. - TRAP_03 // CANCER, COVID OR VACCINE DETOX CLAIMS
Preclinical mechanisms do not establish clinical treatment effects. Neither cancer treatment nor COVID/vaccine-detox efficacy is established here.
Other outcomes studied
Outside the five leaderboard goals. Same evidence levels as above.
- DENTAL SURGERY Limited · benefit
RCT reviews in adults after impacted lower wisdom-tooth extraction suggest modest and heterogeneous swelling, trismus and pain benefits. A broader pooled pain estimate was MD -0.27 (95% CI -0.45 to -0.08; 9 studies; I-squared 29%): statistical significance with small clinical magnitude.
PMID 30986376 PMID 30484910 PMID 30224314 PMID 30573710 PMID 24589242 PMID 25019111 PMID 24316697 PMID 27755433 PMID 38542694 PMID 37157782 - OTHER POSTOPERATIVE SWELLING Limited · benefit
Small single-procedure RCTs suggest less bruising/swelling after rhinoplasty, breast and orthognathic surgery; evidence is uncertain and some studies used enzyme mixtures. Dental findings cannot be generalized to every operation.
PMID 39904804 PMID 39929877 PMID 23566694 PMID 27035499 PMID 31800557 - ACUTE SINUSITIS Limited · benefit
A possible benefit rests mainly on old/small trials and pediatric observational data. The pediatric study is not an RCT; modern large controlled replication is missing.
PMID 37157782 PMID 15796206 PMID 4859824 PMID 32104974 PMID 29554408 PMID 17011407 - OSTEOARTHRITIS Limited · benefit
Bromelain alone in n=47 moderate-to-severe knee OA did not outperform placebo (coefficient 11.16; p=0.27; 95% CI -8.86 to 31.18). Positive 16-week or diclofenac-comparator trials often used enzyme combinations; severity and co-ingredients prevent simple attribution.
PMID 17121765 PMID 27470088 PMID 40803821 PMID 15278753 PMID 16539815 PMID 11584936 PMID 12587686 PMID 32122870 - EXERCISE SORENESS Limited · no benefit
Bromelain monotherapy did not improve pain, range of motion or strength against ibuprofen/placebo after exercise. Mixed-protease trials conflict.
PMID 12466693 PMID 19727022 PMID 15161110 PMID 25604346 PMID 1548991 - DIGESTIVE SYMPTOMS No established evidence
A protease mechanism is not a human symptom trial. No direct bromelain RCT for digestion is indexed; pancreatic-enzyme mixture research is not interchangeable. - TOPICAL BURN DEBRIDEMENT Moderate · benefit
A separate topical medical preparation has RCT/meta-analysis support: time to full debridement MD -6.89 days (95% CI -7.94 to -5.83; 4 studies; I-squared 2%). This is not evidence for swallowed supplement capsules.
PMID 37157782 PMID 41700487 - CANCER CLAIMS No established evidence
The cited reviews discuss cell/animal findings; efficacy as a cancer treatment in humans is not established.
PMID 36698404 PMID 37650738
Reader questions
Should bromelain be taken with food or between meals?
Between-meal use is the source positioning for systemic effects. With-food digestive marketing lacks direct human symptom RCTs; no universal timing protocol follows.
Is a 500 mg capsule always equivalent to another 500 mg capsule?
No. Check GDU/MCU potency, source and formulation. Mass does not specify proteolytic activity.
Can I use it around surgery or with blood thinners?
Discuss the product with the treating team. The bleeding concern is largely mechanistic, but procedure timing and prescribed medicines require individualized handling.
Stack interactions
- Caution Anticoagulants and antiplatelet medicines [CAUTION // EVIDENCE_CONTEXT]
Antiplatelet/fibrinolytic mechanisms imply possible additive bleeding, but the cited perioperative review did not demonstrate increased clinical bleeding. Treat this as a precaution, not a quantified proven interaction.
PMID 10902065 PMID 21611915 PMID 37157782 - Caution Amoxicillin, ampicillin and tetracyclines [CAUTION // EVIDENCE_CONTEXT]
Old, small pharmacokinetic reports suggest greater serum/tissue antibiotic exposure; clinical relevance and modern replication are limited. Do not use this to self-adjust antibiotic treatment.
PMID 3467190 - Caution Quercetin and proteolytic enzyme blends [CAUTION // EVIDENCE_CONTEXT]
Absorption synergy with quercetin is weakly evidenced. Results from mixed-enzyme products cannot isolate the bromelain contribution.
Red flags: interactions and who should avoid it
Interactions
Anticoagulant/antiplatelet overlap is theoretically plausible, although the cited perioperative review did not identify increased clinical bleeding. Old, small pharmacokinetic studies suggest increased exposure to some antibiotics, including amoxicillin/ampicillin and tetracyclines. Quercetin absorption enhancement remains weakly supported.
Avoid or ask a doctor first if
Avoid with pineapple allergy or latex-fruit cross-reactivity; pregnancy/breastfeeding safety is insufficient. Active gastrointestinal bleeding/ulcer disease and antithrombotic treatment require clinical review. Tell the surgical team before procedures; the source suggests a precautionary 1–2 week interruption, which should be set by that team. Diarrhea, nausea, bloating or allergic symptoms are stop signals.
Sources (PubMed, 40)
- Potential interactions between alternative therapies and warfarin.
PMID 10902065 · 2000 · reviewAntiplatelet/fibrinolytic mechanisms imply possible additive bleeding, but the cited perioperative review did not demonstrate increased clinical bleeding. Treat this as a precaution, not a quantified proven interaction.
- Efficacy and tolerability of oral enzyme therapy as compared to diclofenac in active osteoarthrosis of knee joint: an open randomized controlled clinical trial.
PMID 11584936 · 2001 · randomized controlled trialBromelain alone in n=47 moderate-to-severe knee OA did not outperform placebo (coefficient 11.16; p=0.27; 95% CI -8.86 to 31.18). Positive 16-week or diclofenac-comparator trials often used enzyme combinations; severity and co-ingredients prevent simple attribution.
- Preliminary comparison of bromelain and Ibuprofen for delayed onset muscle soreness management.
PMID 12466693 · 2002 · randomized controlled trialBromelain monotherapy did not improve pain, range of motion or strength against ibuprofen/placebo after exercise. Mixed-protease trials conflict.
- Bromelain reduces mild acute knee pain and improves well-being in a dose-dependent fashion in an open study of otherwise healthy adults.
PMID 12587686 · 2002 · randomized controlled trialBromelain alone in n=47 moderate-to-severe knee OA did not outperform placebo (coefficient 11.16; p=0.27; 95% CI -8.86 to 31.18). Positive 16-week or diclofenac-comparator trials often used enzyme combinations; severity and co-ingredients prevent simple attribution.
- The effects of protease supplementation on skeletal muscle function and DOMS following downhill running.
PMID 15161110 · 2004 · catalogued study; design described in outcome contextBromelain monotherapy did not improve pain, range of motion or strength against ibuprofen/placebo after exercise. Mixed-protease trials conflict.
- Oral enzyme combination versus diclofenac in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee--a double-blind prospective randomized study.
PMID 15278753 · 2004 · randomized controlled trialBromelain alone in n=47 moderate-to-severe knee OA did not outperform placebo (coefficient 11.16; p=0.27; 95% CI -8.86 to 31.18). Positive 16-week or diclofenac-comparator trials often used enzyme combinations; severity and co-ingredients prevent simple attribution.
- Attenuation of contraction-induced skeletal muscle injury by bromelain.
PMID 1548991 · 1992 · catalogued study; design described in outcome contextBromelain monotherapy did not improve pain, range of motion or strength against ibuprofen/placebo after exercise. Mixed-protease trials conflict.
- Therapeutic use, efficiency and safety of the proteolytic pineapple enzyme Bromelain-POS in children with acute sinusitis in Germany.
PMID 15796206 · 2005 · catalogued study; design described in outcome contextA possible benefit rests mainly on old/small trials and pediatric observational data. The pediatric study is not an RCT; modern large controlled replication is missing.
- Efficacy and tolerance of an oral enzyme combination in painful osteoarthritis of the hip. A double-blind, randomised study comparing oral enzymes with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
PMID 16539815 · 2006 · randomized controlled trialBromelain alone in n=47 moderate-to-severe knee OA did not outperform placebo (coefficient 11.16; p=0.27; 95% CI -8.86 to 31.18). Positive 16-week or diclofenac-comparator trials often used enzyme combinations; severity and co-ingredients prevent simple attribution.
- Herbal medicines for the treatment of rhinosinusitis: a systematic review.
PMID 17011407 · 2006 · systematic reviewA possible benefit rests mainly on old/small trials and pediatric observational data. The pediatric study is not an RCT; modern large controlled replication is missing.
- Bromelain as an adjunctive treatment for moderate-to-severe osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized placebo-controlled pilot study.
PMID 17121765 · 2006 · randomized controlled trialBromelain alone in n=47 moderate-to-severe knee OA did not outperform placebo (coefficient 11.16; p=0.27; 95% CI -8.86 to 31.18). Positive 16-week or diclofenac-comparator trials often used enzyme combinations; severity and co-ingredients prevent simple attribution.
- Protease supplementation improves muscle function after eccentric exercise.
PMID 19727022 · 2009 · randomized controlled trialBromelain monotherapy did not improve pain, range of motion or strength against ibuprofen/placebo after exercise. Mixed-protease trials conflict.
- [No clinical evidence for an enhanced bleeding tendency due to perioperative treatment with bromelain].
PMID 21611915 · 2011 · catalogued study; design described in outcome contextAntiplatelet/fibrinolytic mechanisms imply possible additive bleeding, but the cited perioperative review did not demonstrate increased clinical bleeding. Treat this as a precaution, not a quantified proven interaction.
- A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial comparing the efficacy of systemic enzyme therapy for edema control in orthognathic surgery using ultrasound scan to measure facial swelling.
PMID 23566694 · 2013 · randomized controlled trialSmall single-procedure RCTs suggest less bruising/swelling after rhinoplasty, breast and orthognathic surgery; evidence is uncertain and some studies used enzyme mixtures. Dental findings cannot be generalized to every operation.
- Prospective double-blind clinical trial evaluating the effectiveness of Bromelain in the third molar extraction postoperative period.
PMID 24316697 · 2014 · randomized controlled trialRCT reviews in adults after impacted lower wisdom-tooth extraction suggest modest and heterogeneous swelling, trismus and pain benefits. A broader pooled pain estimate was MD -0.27 (95% CI -0.45 to -0.08; 9 studies; I-squared 29%): statistical significance with small clinical magnitude.
- Perioperative bromelain reduces pain and swelling and improves quality of life measures after mandibular third molar surgery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.
PMID 24589242 · 2014 · randomized controlled trialRCT reviews in adults after impacted lower wisdom-tooth extraction suggest modest and heterogeneous swelling, trismus and pain benefits. A broader pooled pain estimate was MD -0.27 (95% CI -0.45 to -0.08; 9 studies; I-squared 29%): statistical significance with small clinical magnitude.
- Therapeutic efficacy of bromelain in impacted third molar surgery: a randomized controlled clinical study.
PMID 25019111 · 2014 · randomized controlled trialRCT reviews in adults after impacted lower wisdom-tooth extraction suggest modest and heterogeneous swelling, trismus and pain benefits. A broader pooled pain estimate was MD -0.27 (95% CI -0.45 to -0.08; 9 studies; I-squared 29%): statistical significance with small clinical magnitude.
- Acute protease supplementation effects on muscle damage and recovery across consecutive days of cycle racing.
PMID 25604346 · 2016 · randomized controlled trialBromelain monotherapy did not improve pain, range of motion or strength against ibuprofen/placebo after exercise. Mixed-protease trials conflict.
- Is There a Role for Arnica and Bromelain in Prevention of Post-Procedure Ecchymosis or Edema? A Systematic Review of the Literature.
PMID 27035499 · 2016 · systematic reviewSmall single-procedure RCTs suggest less bruising/swelling after rhinoplasty, breast and orthognathic surgery; evidence is uncertain and some studies used enzyme mixtures. Dental findings cannot be generalized to every operation.
- Improved WOMAC score following 16-week treatment with bromelain for knee osteoarthritis.
PMID 27470088 · 2016 · randomized controlled trialBromelain alone in n=47 moderate-to-severe knee OA did not outperform placebo (coefficient 11.16; p=0.27; 95% CI -8.86 to 31.18). Positive 16-week or diclofenac-comparator trials often used enzyme combinations; severity and co-ingredients prevent simple attribution.
- Effect of Oral Administration of Bromelain on Postoperative Discomfort After Third Molar Surgery.
PMID 27755433 · 2017 · randomized controlled trialRCT reviews in adults after impacted lower wisdom-tooth extraction suggest modest and heterogeneous swelling, trismus and pain benefits. A broader pooled pain estimate was MD -0.27 (95% CI -0.45 to -0.08; 9 studies; I-squared 29%): statistical significance with small clinical magnitude.
- Alternative therapies for chronic rhinosinusitis: A review.
PMID 29554408 · 2018 · systematic reviewA possible benefit rests mainly on old/small trials and pediatric observational data. The pediatric study is not an RCT; modern large controlled replication is missing.
- Is bromelain an effective drug for the control of pain and inflammation associated with impacted third molar surgery? Systematic review and meta-analysis.
PMID 30224314 · 2019 · meta-analysisRCT reviews in adults after impacted lower wisdom-tooth extraction suggest modest and heterogeneous swelling, trismus and pain benefits. A broader pooled pain estimate was MD -0.27 (95% CI -0.45 to -0.08; 9 studies; I-squared 29%): statistical significance with small clinical magnitude.
- Is bromelain effective in controlling the inflammatory parameters of pain, edema, and trismus after lower third molar surgery? A systematic review and meta-analysis.
PMID 30484910 · 2019 · meta-analysisRCT reviews in adults after impacted lower wisdom-tooth extraction suggest modest and heterogeneous swelling, trismus and pain benefits. A broader pooled pain estimate was MD -0.27 (95% CI -0.45 to -0.08; 9 studies; I-squared 29%): statistical significance with small clinical magnitude.
- Efficacy of proteolytic enzyme bromelain on health outcomes after third molar surgery. Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.
PMID 30573710 · 2019 · meta-analysisRCT reviews in adults after impacted lower wisdom-tooth extraction suggest modest and heterogeneous swelling, trismus and pain benefits. A broader pooled pain estimate was MD -0.27 (95% CI -0.45 to -0.08; 9 studies; I-squared 29%): statistical significance with small clinical magnitude.
- Oral Bromelain for the Control of Facial Swelling, Trismus, and Pain After Mandibular Third Molar Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
PMID 30986376 · 2019 · meta-analysisRCT reviews in adults after impacted lower wisdom-tooth extraction suggest modest and heterogeneous swelling, trismus and pain benefits. A broader pooled pain estimate was MD -0.27 (95% CI -0.45 to -0.08; 9 studies; I-squared 29%): statistical significance with small clinical magnitude.
- Perioperative Homeopathic Arnica and Bromelain: Current Results and Future Directions.
PMID 31800557 · 2020 · systematic reviewSmall single-procedure RCTs suggest less bruising/swelling after rhinoplasty, breast and orthognathic surgery; evidence is uncertain and some studies used enzyme mixtures. Dental findings cannot be generalized to every operation.
- Alternative therapies for sinusitis and rhinitis: a systematic review utilizing a modified Delphi method.
PMID 32104974 · 2020 · systematic reviewA possible benefit rests mainly on old/small trials and pediatric observational data. The pediatric study is not an RCT; modern large controlled replication is missing.
- Efficiency of proteolytic enzymes in treating lumbar spine osteoarthritis (low back pain) patients and its effects on liver and kidney enzymes.
PMID 32122870 · 2020 · randomized controlled trialBromelain alone in n=47 moderate-to-severe knee OA did not outperform placebo (coefficient 11.16; p=0.27; 95% CI -8.86 to 31.18). Positive 16-week or diclofenac-comparator trials often used enzyme combinations; severity and co-ingredients prevent simple attribution.
- [Pharmacokinetic analyses of the absorption of ampicillin and amoxicillin into the blood and experimentally infected skin after simultaneous administration of an antibiotic with bromelain and lysozyme].
PMID 3467190 · 1986 · catalogued study; design described in outcome contextOld, small pharmacokinetic reports suggest greater serum/tissue antibiotic exposure; clinical relevance and modern replication are limited. Do not use this to self-adjust antibiotic treatment.
- Anticancer properties of bromelain: State-of-the-art and recent trends.
PMID 36698404 · 2022 · reviewThe cited reviews discuss cell/animal findings; efficacy as a cancer treatment in humans is not established.
- Efficacy and safety of bromelain: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
PMID 37157782 · 2023 · meta-analysisRCT reviews in adults after impacted lower wisdom-tooth extraction suggest modest and heterogeneous swelling, trismus and pain benefits. A broader pooled pain estimate was MD -0.27 (95% CI -0.45 to -0.08; 9 studies; I-squared 29%): statistical significance with small clinical magnitude.; A possible benefit rests mainly on old/small trials and pediatric observational data. The pediatric study is not an RCT; modern large controlled replication is missing.; A separate topical medical preparation has RCT/meta-analysis support: time to full debridement MD -6.89 days (95% CI -7.94 to -5.83; 4 studies; I-squared 2%). This is not evidence for swallowed supplement capsules.
- Bromelain: a review of its mechanisms, pharmacological effects and potential applications.
PMID 37650738 · 2023 · reviewThe cited reviews discuss cell/animal findings; efficacy as a cancer treatment in humans is not established.
- An Evaluation of the Effects of Pineapple-Extract and Bromelain-Based Treatment after Mandibular Third Molar Surgery: A Randomized Three-Arm Clinical Study.
PMID 38542694 · 2024 · randomized controlled trialRCT reviews in adults after impacted lower wisdom-tooth extraction suggest modest and heterogeneous swelling, trismus and pain benefits. A broader pooled pain estimate was MD -0.27 (95% CI -0.45 to -0.08; 9 studies; I-squared 29%): statistical significance with small clinical magnitude.
- The Effectiveness of Bromelain on Oedema, Subconjunctival Haemorrhage, and Ecchymosis After Rhinoplasty: A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.
PMID 39904804 · 2025 · randomized controlled trialSmall single-procedure RCTs suggest less bruising/swelling after rhinoplasty, breast and orthognathic surgery; evidence is uncertain and some studies used enzyme mixtures. Dental findings cannot be generalized to every operation.
- Randomized controlled trial of bromelain and alpha-lipoic acid in breast conservative surgery.
PMID 39929877 · 2025 · randomized controlled trialSmall single-procedure RCTs suggest less bruising/swelling after rhinoplasty, breast and orthognathic surgery; evidence is uncertain and some studies used enzyme mixtures. Dental findings cannot be generalized to every operation.
- Oral enzyme combination therapy reduces systemic inflammation, urinary CTXII and pain in knee osteoarthritis: a proof-of-mechanism, randomised, crossover, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
PMID 40803821 · 2025 · randomized controlled trialBromelain alone in n=47 moderate-to-severe knee OA did not outperform placebo (coefficient 11.16; p=0.27; 95% CI -8.86 to 31.18). Positive 16-week or diclofenac-comparator trials often used enzyme combinations; severity and co-ingredients prevent simple attribution.
- Efficacy and Safety of Bromelain-Based Enzymatic Debridement for Chronic Wounds: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials.
PMID 41700487 · 2026 · meta-analysisA separate topical medical preparation has RCT/meta-analysis support: time to full debridement MD -6.89 days (95% CI -7.94 to -5.83; 4 studies; I-squared 2%). This is not evidence for swallowed supplement capsules.
- A double-blind clinical evaluation of bromelains in the treatment of acute sinusitis.
PMID 4859824 · 1967 · catalogued study; design described in outcome contextA possible benefit rests mainly on old/small trials and pediatric observational data. The pediatric study is not an RCT; modern large controlled replication is missing.
- Intestinal absorption of undegraded proteins in men: presence of bromelain in plasma after oral intake.
PMID 9252520 · 1997 · catalogued study; design described in outcome contextThe 200–2000 mg interval summarizes heterogeneous oral studies, not equal enzyme activity. About 1200 GDU/g is one cited potency, not a universal conversion.
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